Clinical Psychology is not the only option, if you want to work with patients.
PsyD programs may seem appealing for students primarily interested in clinical work; however, they are often costly, have larger cohorts, and typically require more time to complete. In contrast, PhD programs offer a strong foundation in research and often provide flexibility in balancing clinical and research training. Research experience and productivity can strengthen internship applications and future job prospects. If you are considering a PsyD, be sure to carefully review accreditation, match rates, and faculty support.
For students more interested in research, systems, and non-clinical roles
These programs can be less competitive to enter and often lead to careers outside of academia, including in government, tech, policy, and industry. I/O psychology, in particular, tends to have a significantly higher earning potential than clinical psychology due to its application in corporate settings and leadership roles.
It depends…
For most people, I do not think you need to get a master’s degree. It is typically expensive and does not take a significant amount of time off of your degree program. Yet, I completed a master’s program and am so glad that I made that decision. If you decide to get a master’s before applying to PhD programs, you need to be prepared to work efficiently. It is important to find a program that allows you to complete an empirical (data; not lit review) thesis. You must get yourself involved in research from day one!
I may recommend seeking a masters, if you are:
You might consider a terminal master’s degree (e.g., mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, or school counseling). Look for programs accredited by CACREP (for mental health counseling), COAMFTE (for marriage and family therapy), or ASCA (for school counseling). The scope of practice for master’s-level therapists has expanded in many states, and with appropriate training, they may administer some psychological assessments. Additionally, income potential (especially for those who accept insurance) is not significantly different from licensed psychologists.
Not necessary (for PhDs)
However, if you are interested, you can look at volunteer opportunities. Some places you can consider include:
Note: If the work feels clinically adjacent, you do not need to include this under a “Volunteer” section on your CV. Create a section that is titled “Clinical Experiences,” and under the role list what your title is (e.g., volunteer __). Non-clinical work likely won’t set you over the edge like it did for admission to undergraduate programs.
There is no one-size-fits-all path. Apply during senior year if you have substantial research experience (e.g., posters or publication), strong letters of recommendation, and a clear sense of your research interests
Consider a postbac year (or more) if you need additional research or clinical experience, stronger letters, or more time to clarify your goals. Many applicants work as lab managers or clinical research coordinators during this time
Taking time before applying is common and often strengthens your application. In my experience, the most common reason students delay applying is difficulty securing strong letter writers during undergrad, especially at large institutions. You will need at least two letters from professors/academic supervisors who know you well and can speak to your academic or research strengths (not just someone you took a class with). Ideally, these letters speak to your research abilities. Aligning research experience with your interests is helpful, but it is more important to gain strong skills and tangible products (e.g., posters, publications) that demonstrate your readiness for graduate work.
The path to any meaningful career is rarely linear.
Often, we think the process is: dream → action → outcome.
But in reality, it is more like a cycle: dream → action → new dream → new action. Each step we take teaches us something. Sometimes our goals shift, not because we failed, but because we grew.
You do not need to have everything figured out right now. Invite curiosity and stay flexible. Society often tells us to stick with the first thing we say we want, but there is bravery and beauty in choosing joy, following your values, and allowing your passions to evolve. There is no shame in changing direction when your experiences open your eyes to something new.
When I was younger, I never imagined I would be becoming a psychologist (I didn’t even know what that was!). Even as an undergraduate, I did not think I would become a sleep researcher. You do not know what you do not know, and while that uncertainty can feel overwhelming, it is also full of possibility. Stay open. Let your questions guide you.
A collection of external resources to support your application process.