what brings you here?

finding the right program

clinical psychology is not the only option if you want to work with patients.

clinical psychology

research and treatment of mental health disorders; combines science and clinical practice.

counseling psychology

greater focus on clinical work and multicultural research; less emphasis on severe psychopathology and assessment.

school psychology

supports youth in school settings; training in assessment, intervention, and consultation.

health psychology

studies how biological, psychological, and social factors influence health and illness; often integrates clinical training and behavioral health interventions in medical settings.

psyd vs. phd: psyd programs may seem appealing for students primarily interested in clinical work; however, they are often costly, have larger cohorts, and typically require more time to complete. in contrast, phd programs offer a strong foundation in research and often provide flexibility in balancing clinical and research training. research experience and productivity can strengthen internship applications and future job prospects. if you are considering a psyd, be sure to carefully review accreditation, match rates, and faculty support.

developmental psychology

research on human development across the lifespan.

social psychology

studies social behavior, attitudes, and group dynamics.

cognitive psychology

focuses on mental processes like memory, attention, and decision-making.

neuroscience / behavioral neuroscience

explores brain-behavior relationships.

industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology

applies psychology to workplace issues like hiring, leadership, and productivity.

these programs can be less competitive to enter and often lead to careers outside of academia, including in government, tech, policy, and industry. i/o psychology, in particular, tends to have a significantly higher earning potential than clinical psychology due to its application in corporate settings and leadership roles.

should i get a master's?

it depends...
for most people, i do not think you need to get a master's degree. it is typically expensive and does not take a significant amount of time off of your degree program. yet, i completed a master's program and am so glad that i made that decision. if you decide to get a master's before applying to phd programs, you need to be prepared to work efficiently. it is important to find a program that allows you to complete an empirical (data; not lit review) thesis. you must get yourself involved in research from day one!

i may recommend seeking a master's if you are:

  • struggling to get research experience
  • unsure about research interests
  • young and/or flexible
  • haven't been accepted into a phd program for multiple cycles
  • able to find a program that offers funding/assistantships
  • motivated
you might consider a terminal master's degree (e.g., mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, or school counseling). look for programs accredited by CACREP (for mental health counseling), COAMFTE (for marriage and family therapy), or ASCA (for school counseling). the scope of practice for master's-level therapists has expanded in many states, and with appropriate training, they may administer some psychological assessments. additionally, income potential (especially for those who accept insurance) is not significantly different from licensed psychologists.

application timeline

this is my personal recommendation — different things work for different people!
taking time before applying is common and often strengthens your application. the most common reason students delay applying is difficulty securing strong letter writers during undergrad, especially at large institutions. you will need at least two letters from professors or academic supervisors who know you well and can speak to your academic or research strengths — not just someone you took a class with. aligning research experience with your interests is helpful, but it is more important to gain strong skills and tangible products (e.g., posters, publications) that demonstrate your readiness for graduate work.
  • apply during senior year if...
    you have substantial research experience (e.g., posters or publications), strong letters of recommendation, and a clear sense of your research interests.
  • consider a postbac year (or more) if...
    you need additional research or clinical experience, stronger letters, or more time to clarify your goals. many applicants work as lab managers or clinical research coordinators during this time.
  • early summer
    review programs determine which programs you are interested in. creating a spreadsheet with the school, deadline, and the professor's research interests, as well as required materials, helps you get and stay organized. (pcsas accredited programs · apa accredited programs)
  • late summer
    cv and personal statement start working on your cv and personal statement. if you need to take the gre, take it around this time.
  • mid-september
    check faculty availability schools will update their websites around mid-september to early october announcing which professors are accepting applications. ask your identified letter writers if they would be willing to submit a letter of recommendation.
  • october
    narrow your list once you know which professors are accepting students, narrow down your list. send your personal statement to advisors and mentors to review.
  • november
    finalize materials open accounts on the application portals and request letters from your letter writers. finalize all materials.

preparing your application

getting experience, applying strategically, and finding support.

this is crucial for phd applications.

  • online directories (2 and 3) and x can be good resources for finding research jobs.
    • this document has a complete list if the directories are not fruitful.
    • as for x, you should try to get on the "academic" side. follow professors that do the research you are interested in, professional organizations, and groups like @psychchatter.
  • apply for surf or nsf summer undergraduate programs.
  • look at your local university for labs hiring research assistants.
  • you may also offer to volunteer in a lab (remotely or at a local university) that is aligned with your interests.
  • agencies like the nih, cdc, or doe hire bachelor's-level researchers.
    • the nih has/had a bridge program for post-bac students looking to pursue a phd. attend the info session to get more information about the process.
    • additional postbac programs on this link (i did not create this).
  • dr. nussenbaum has a detailed guide for undergraduate/post-bac research.

not required for phd applications, but can be valuable.

if you are interested, look at volunteer opportunities. some places to consider:

  • court-appointed special advocate (casa)
  • hospice
  • children's hospital
  • community centers
  • youth mentoring (big brother big sister)
  • domestic violence shelters
  • peer support programs
  • nami
  • children's advocacy centers
  • crisis warm/hot lines
cv tip: if the work feels clinically adjacent, you do not need to include this under a "volunteer" section on your cv. create a section titled "clinical experiences," and under the role list what your title is (e.g., volunteer ___). non-clinical work likely won't set you over the edge like it did for admission to undergraduate programs.

based on my personal experience — here are some things i wish i knew.

  • phd programs are about advisor-mentee fit.
    use google scholar or lab websites to find out which faculty are actively publishing in your area of interest. your research alignment with an advisor is one of the most important components of a strong application.
  • make sure you can identify a clear theme across your applications.
    when reviewing faculty research across programs, if you cannot articulate the common thread, your application may come across as unfocused. this often becomes apparent during interviews.
  • your personal statement is not your cv.
    use it to tell a story. what have you learned from your experiences, what values guide your work, and what do you hope to contribute? show how your past experiences led you to your current interests.
  • customize one paragraph per program.
    you can reuse most of your personal statement, but tailor one paragraph to discuss the program, specific faculty, and how the training model supports your goals.
  • prepare for interviews as two-way conversations.
    look up common questions you will be asked and ones you should ask. ask about mentorship style, lab culture, funding, and student outcomes.
  • if the gre is required, invest in a prep course.
    the test rewards strategy over content knowledge.

bachelor's options

you do not need a phd or master's degree to find fulfilling and impactful work.
this section highlights careers in psychology, public health, research, advocacy, and related fields that are accessible with a bachelor's degree — and that offer valuable experience if you pursue graduate school in the future. organizations that commonly offer clinically aligned work include home therapy providers, adoption/family service agencies, homeless services, crisis lines, case management, crisis stabilization, group homes, inpatient hospitals, and rehab and detox centers.

hover or tap a card to learn more.

crisis line counselor

tap to learn more

provide immediate support to individuals in crisis via phone, text, or chat. usually includes robust training and supervision.

psychometrist

tap to learn more

administers and scores psychological and neuropsychological tests under the supervision of a licensed psychologist. common in hospitals, private practices, and research settings.

mental health technician / aide

tap to learn more

support patients in inpatient or outpatient settings by helping with daily activities, monitoring safety, and assisting clinical staff.

may also be referred to as milieu therapist.

case manager

tap to learn more

connect individuals and families with needed services (e.g., housing, healthcare, mental health support). common in social service, nonprofit, and healthcare settings.

paraprofessional

tap to learn more

support children in school settings, especially those with special education needs or behavioral challenges.

some states offer alternative pathways to becoming a licensed school teacher.

program coordinator

tap to learn more

most common for youth programs. plan and run after-school programs, mentoring initiatives, or summer camps focused on wellness, academics, or leadership development.

academic advisor

tap to learn more

guide college students through course selection, major exploration, and degree planning.

also look into college access or success coach roles.

patient navigator

tap to learn more

help patients understand medical systems, insurance, and treatment options. found in hospitals or community clinics.

census bureau field staff

tap to learn more

collect and interpret community-level data. great option for building experience in public data and federal systems.

may be found in the labor department.

insurance claims analyst

tap to learn more

evaluate insurance claims, especially in behavioral or medical health areas. many roles include training and the chance to specialize.

a similar role is utilization review assistant.

health informatics assistant

tap to learn more

assist with health record systems, often at hospitals or insurance companies — especially relevant for those interested in digital health.

may be called data entry specialist.

employee wellness coordinator

tap to learn more

support workplace diversity, health promotion, or mental health initiatives at a company or university.

community health worker

tap to learn more

provide health education, outreach, and support in underserved communities. often includes work in chronic disease management, maternal health, or behavioral health.

human resources assistant

tap to learn more

assist with recruiting, onboarding, training, and employee relations. great fit for those interested in workplace well-being and systems.

talent acquisition coordinator

tap to learn more

schedule interviews, review applications, and communicate with job candidates. can lead to growth in hr or recruiting fields.

may also be called a recruiter or recruiting coordinator.

clinical research coordinator

tap to learn more

support the compliance and logistics side of clinical research studies. often housed in hospitals or biotech companies.

a note on direction

the path to any meaningful career is rarely linear. often, we think the process is: dream → action → outcome. but in reality, it is more like a cycle: dream → action → new dream → new action. each step we take teaches us something. sometimes our goals shift, not because we failed, but because we grew.

you do not need to have everything figured out right now. invite curiosity and stay flexible. society often tells us to stick with the first thing we say we want, but there is bravery and beauty in choosing joy, following your values, and allowing your passions to evolve. there is no shame in changing direction when your experiences open your eyes to something new.

when i was younger, i never imagined i would be becoming a psychologist (i didn't even know what that was!). even as an undergraduate, i did not think i would become a sleep researcher. you do not know what you do not know, and while that uncertainty can feel overwhelming, it is also full of possibility. stay open. let your questions guide you.